Norton is a small village and former civil parish in Hertfordshire, England, one of the three original villages which were absorbed into Letchworth Garden City, the other two being Willian and Old Letchworth. The village is known to have existed by 1007, with remains of the medieval settlement visible as earthworks in a field beside the church. However, the history of the village goes back even further than that.
"}{"fact":"The silks created by weavers in Baghdad were inspired by the beautiful and varied colors and markings of cat coats. These fabrics were called 'tabby' by European traders.","length":174}
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{"type":"standard","title":"Joel S. Levine","displaytitle":"Joel S. Levine","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q23785260","titles":{"canonical":"Joel_S._Levine","normalized":"Joel S. Levine","display":"Joel S. Levine"},"pageid":66238477,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Joel_S._Levine_NASA_headshot.jpg/330px-Joel_S._Levine_NASA_headshot.jpg","width":320,"height":413},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Joel_S._Levine_NASA_headshot.jpg","width":2076,"height":2679},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1278156639","tid":"dda01083-f60e-11ef-91b3-2c2546ca1a45","timestamp":"2025-02-28T20:01:58Z","description":"Planetary and atmospheric scientist; studies the atmospheres of Earth and Mars","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Levine","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Levine?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Levine?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Joel_S._Levine"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Levine","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Joel_S._Levine","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Levine?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Joel_S._Levine"}},"extract":"Joel S. Levine is an American planetary scientist, author, and research professor in applied science at the College of William & Mary, specializing in the atmospheres of the Moon, Earth, and Mars. He has worked as a senior research scientist at NASA, developing scientific models of the evolution of the Earth's early atmosphere, as well as creating models of the Martian atmosphere for use during the Viking 1 and 2 Mars Orbiter and Lander Missions, and was principal investigator and chief scientist of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission. He also formed and led the \"Charters of Freedom Research Team,\" a group of 12 NASA scientists who worked with the National Archive and Records Administration (NARA) to preserve the United States Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights when small white spots began appearing on the documents in 1988. Levine's past work also includes assisting in the design of the rescue vehicle that saved 33 Chilean miners in the 2010 Copiapó mining accident, as well as original research on the feasibility of the \"nuclear winter\" hypothesis, and the effects of uncontrolled fires on global warming.","extract_html":"
Joel S. Levine is an American planetary scientist, author, and research professor in applied science at the College of William & Mary, specializing in the atmospheres of the Moon, Earth, and Mars. He has worked as a senior research scientist at NASA, developing scientific models of the evolution of the Earth's early atmosphere, as well as creating models of the Martian atmosphere for use during the Viking 1 and 2 Mars Orbiter and Lander Missions, and was principal investigator and chief scientist of the proposed ARES Mars Airplane Mission. He also formed and led the \"Charters of Freedom Research Team,\" a group of 12 NASA scientists who worked with the National Archive and Records Administration (NARA) to preserve the United States Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights when small white spots began appearing on the documents in 1988. Levine's past work also includes assisting in the design of the rescue vehicle that saved 33 Chilean miners in the 2010 Copiapó mining accident, as well as original research on the feasibility of the \"nuclear winter\" hypothesis, and the effects of uncontrolled fires on global warming.
"}